双语 | 印度学者：认清西方“双标”本质，推进公平人权治理

导读

西方国家曾在亚非拉地区进行殖民统治长达数百年，如今却以自由、民主和人权的捍卫者自居，鼓吹自身人权发展的优越性，对中国等发展中国家的人权状况指手画脚。这充分暴露了其“双标”本质。中国近年来提出的全球发展倡议、全球安全倡议和全球文明倡议在国际上得到广泛赞同。应在此框架下，建立全球人权治理新架构，确保所有人都享有发展这项基本人权。

　　作者：苏廷德拉·库尔卡尼(Sudheendra Kulkarni)

　　印度前总理瓦杰帕伊顾问

　　印度智库新南亚论坛创始人

在有关人权的辩论中，最重要的问题始终是：在人权问题上，西方国家究竟有什么资格对发展中国家指手画脚？

The most important question to be asked in any debate on human rights is this: What right do the governments of Western nations have to lecture developing countries on human rights?

过去的几个世纪里，这些前殖民大国奴役了亚洲、非洲和拉丁美洲的大量人口，他们滥杀、暴虐，犯下的罪行罄竹难书。不仅如此，他们还靠掠夺殖民地的资源来壮大自身。

These former colonial powers enslaved vast populations in Asia, Africa and Latin America in centuries gone by. They perpetrated unspeakable massacres, genocides and atrocities. They looted the resources of their colonies to fatten themselves.

然而，当几十年前殖民主义时代终结，殖民帝国相继瓦解后，西方国家竟仍假装自己是自由、民主和人权的强力捍卫者。近几十年来，这些以美国为首的西方掠夺大国发动战争、煽动内战，在制造武器上浪费了数百亿美元，杀害了成千上万的无辜百姓，伊拉克、阿富汗、利比亚和叙利亚就是活生生的例子。然而，这些西方国家却鼓吹人权，甚至对那些不听从他们命令的国家实施非法制裁。

And yet, even after their empires crumbled and the era of colonialism ended decades ago, they continue to pretend they are the greatest defenders of freedom, democracy and human rights.

In recent decades, too, these predatory Western powers, led by the United States, have waged wars and ignited civil wars, wasted trillions of dollars on lethal weapons and killed tens of thousands of innocent people, with Iraq, Afghanistan, Libya and Syria being some recent examples. Yet they deliver sermons on human rights and even impose illegitimate sanctions on those countries that do not follow their diktats.

　　图片来源：新华社

我最近在中国新疆旅行，这曾经是中国最不发达的地区之一，但如今，这里已经建起了完善的基础设施，包括机场、高速公路、高铁、学校、医院、博物馆和旅游设施等，其质量甚至比许多欧洲国家都要高。当地还有一些居于世界领先水平的太阳能、风能发电厂和制造业企业。即使是居住在农村地区的维吾尔族和其他少数民族，也享有良好的生活条件。

For example, I recently traveled extensively in China's Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region. It was once one of the less developed provincial regions of China. Today it has built physical and social infrastructure — airports, highways, high-speed trains, schools, hospitals, museums and tourism facilities — that are better than those in many European countries. It has some of the world's leading solar and wind energy farms and manufacturing units. The Uygurs and other ethnic groups, even in rural areas, enjoy good living conditions.

我在新疆亲眼目睹的一切足以说明，西方关于中国“侵犯人权”的指责完全是谎言。事实上，中国用实践证明，走以人为本的发展之路，保证各民族和谐相处，坚决打击极端主义、恐怖主义、分裂主义“三股势力”，是保障人权的最佳途径。然而，西方国家专门针对新疆，指责中国“侵犯人权”，甚至对新疆的部分企业实施制裁。

In Xinjiang, I saw with my own eyes that the Western propaganda about violation of human rights is a complete lie. In fact, China is proving that people-oriented development, peaceful coexistence, harmonious integration of various ethnic communities and strong action against extremism, terrorism and separatism offer the best way to protect human rights. Yet Western nations have specifically targeted Xinjiang to accuse China of human rights violations and have even imposed sanctions on several companies located in Xinjiang.

为纪念1993年《维也纳宣言和行动纲领》通过30周年，全球人权治理高端论坛于6月14日至15日在北京举办。在参加论坛的过程中，我脑海里充斥着对西方双重标准的思考。这次论坛最重要的成果是，各国一致认为，人权的基础是以人为中心的发展、普通百姓有尊严的生活水平，以及和平的社会关系。

Thoughts on the West's double standard filled my mind when I participated in the Forum on Global Human Rights Governance, which was held in Beijing on June 14 and 15. China hosted the conference to commemorate the 30th anniversary of the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action of 1993. The most important outcome of this conference was the unanimous view that human-centric development, dignified living standards for ordinary people and peaceful social relations form the foundation for human rights.

　　图片来源：中国日报

《维也纳宣言和行动纲领》肯定了人权的不可分割性、相互依赖性和相互关联性，并将有利于全球大多数人口的公平发展问题置于人权讨论的核心位置。例如，全球80亿人口中只有15%生活在西方国家，这15%的人口对金融资源、媒体和全球治理机构的控制程度之高不成比例。剩下85%的人口生活在全球南方，即发展中国家、欠发达国家和新兴经济体。因此，人口正义原则要求少数群体不应否认多数群体的需求，不应压制多数群体的愿望。

The Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action affirmed the indivisibility, interdependence and interrelatedness of human rights, and placed equitable development benefiting a majority of the global population at the very center of the human rights discourse. For example, only 15 percent of the global population of 8 billion live in Western countries. They have disproportionate control over financial resources, media and global governance institutions. The remaining 85 percent live in the Global South — developing countries, underdeveloped countries and emerging economies. Therefore, the principle of demographic justice demands that the minority not deny the needs and suppress the aspirations of the majority.

全球南方的大量人口被剥夺了基本人权，他们仍然遭受着贫困，以及缓慢、不充分和不平衡的发展所带来的多种负面影响。人口的发展和安全得不到保障，其直接后果恶劣而广泛，比如童工和儿童教育不足；家庭破裂，养老问题和城市贫民窟激增；卫生设施和医疗保健难以保障，甚至无法获取洁净的水资源；残疾人口越来越多，失业群体增长，性交易泛滥，妇女、少数民族和其他边缘化群体得不到公正对待；对新冠肺炎等大流行病难以抵御，以及难民的大规模移徙等等。

Large populations in the Global South are deprived of their basic human rights because they are still suffering from poverty and various manifestations of slow, inadequate and unbalanced development. Child labor and impairments in children's education; disintegration of families, problems faced by senior citizens and proliferation of urban slums; poor access to clean water, sanitation and healthcare; large numbers of disabled people, unemployment, sex trafficking and denial of justice to women, minorities and other marginalized communities; and vulnerability to pandemics such as COVID-19 and large-scale migration of refugees are among the direct outcomes of a situation in which neither development nor security is guaranteed to the populations of the Global South.

在此背景下，我们更应重视习近平主席提出的全球发展倡议、全球安全倡议和全球文明倡议。这三个倡议相互关联、相互支持。尤其是全球发展倡议的提出，引起了国际社会对加强全球发展伙伴关系与合作的关注，也为实现联合国2030年可持续发展目标注入了新动力。具体而言，该倡议敦促在减贫、粮食安全、抗疫和疫苗、发展筹资、气候变化和绿色发展、工业化、数字经济和互联互通等8个关键领域推进国际合作。我们可以公正客观地看到，这些领域的合作不仅有利于发展中国家的人民，而是发展中国家和发达国家的双赢。

It is against this background that we should view the three important initiatives proposed recently by President Xi Jinping — the Global Development Initiative, Global Security Initiative and Global Civilization Initiative. All three initiatives are interrelated and mutually supportive. In particular, the Global Development Initiative has galvanized worldwide attention to strengthening global development partnerships and cooperation, and has given fresh impetus to efforts to realize the United Nations' 2030 Sustainable Development Goals. Specifically, the initiative urges international cooperation in eight critical areas: poverty alleviation, food security, COVID-19 and vaccines, financing for development, climate change and green development, industrialization, the digital economy and connectivity. Any unbiased person can see that cooperation in these areas benefits not only the people in the developing world, but also constitutes a win-win for both the developing and developed countries.

　　图片来源：新华社

发展是一项基本人权。我们如何确保所有人都享有这项权利？为了回答这个问题，我在论坛上提出了六点想法。

Development is a fundamental human right. How can we secure this right for all people? As an answer to this question, I presented six ideas at the Beijing Forum.

第一，国际社会必须重申，全球所有人民的全面发展，即经济、社会、文化、智力、精神和生态发展，既是人类的一项基本需要，也是一项不可剥夺的人权。

First, the world community must reiterate that holistic development for all people on the planet — that is, economic, social, cultural, intellectual, spiritual and ecological development — is both a fundamental human need and an inalienable human right.

第二，应普遍认识到，贫穷和发展不足是最严重侵犯人权的行为之一。因此，国际社会必须把在全世界消灭贫穷、实现公平发展作为最高优先事项。同样，战争和暴力冲突也是侵犯人权的典型行为。因此，必须坚决反对和制止军国主义和军备竞赛，建立可靠的新机制来和平、公正地解决争端。“强权即公理”的丛林法则必须被扔进历史的垃圾箱。

Second, there should be universal recognition that poverty and lack of development are among the greatest violators of human rights. Therefore, the eradication of poverty and equitable development worldwide must be made the highest priority by the international community. Similarly, wars and violent conflicts are also among the greatest violators of human rights. Therefore, militarism and an arms race must be strongly opposed and ended. The world should have reliable new mechanisms for peaceful and just resolution of disputes. The jungle principle of "might is right" must be thrown into the dustbin of history.

第三，应尊重宗教、文化、语言、文明传统的多样性，尊重各国人民根据自身不同历史进程选择的政治制度和治理制度。不应认为某些传统和制度天然具有优越性，进而将其强加于人。

Third, the diversity of religion, culture, language and civilizational traditions, as well as people's choice of political and governance systems as per their specific historical journeys, should be respected. No attempt should be made to enforce uniformity on others, in the belief that certain traditions and systems are inherently superior.

　　图片来源：新华社

第四，没有十全十美的发展和治理制度和模式。因此各国需要相互借鉴，不断完善自身的发展模式和治理模式。

Fourth, no system or model of development and governance is entirely perfect. Therefore, there is a need for mutual learning to constantly improve national development paradigms and governance models.

第五，绝不允许任何国家或国家集团在世界其他地区建立霸权或统治。因此，对于西方国家通过非法制裁、经济“脱钩”和建立新的军事集团来分裂世界，遏制发展中国家崛起的图谋，我们必须坚决抵制。

Fifth, no country or set of countries should be permitted to establish their hegemony or domination over the rest of the world. Therefore, the West's attempts to contain the inevitable rise of developing countries through illegal sanctions, decoupling of economies and division of the world through creation of new military blocs must be strongly opposed.

第六，全球人权治理新架构应充分体现全球民主治理新体系的需要。比如，应按照球民主原则对联合国系统进行彻底改革，所有国家不论大小，不分贫富，均应一视同仁。

Sixth, the much-needed new architecture for global human rights governance should fully reflect the need for a new system of democratic global governance. This includes radical reform of the UN system, which should adhere to the principles of global democracy, in which all countries are regarded as equal, regardless of their size or economic ranking.

朝着公平的全球人权治理前进的步伐已然迈出，势不可挡。

The march toward fair global human rights governance has begun. It is unstoppable.

　　图片来源：中国日报

本文原标题为 "Advance of fair human rights governance upstoppable"

责编 | 宋平 栾瑞英

编辑 | 张钊

实习生庄舒涵、秦迦勒、冯小源、何若溪亦有贡献