4月8日，中央电视台《大国工匠》宣传片摄制组来到浙江龙泉，用镜头记录下国家级“非遗”龙泉青瓷烧制技艺代表性传承人徐朝兴大师制瓷的一天，细致入微地将专注、坚守、淡然和汗水诠释的工匠精神刻画于影片中。龙泉青瓷与世界在时空间波澜壮阔又静水流深的关联，近千年来从未间断。
温润敦厚的久远记忆
根据目前所知的考古材料，最早的龙泉瓷窑出现在南朝，到了五代和北宋，龙泉青瓷的烧制技术已有相当水平。
宋元时期，单是设在龙泉境内瓯江两岸的瓷窑已知的就有300多座，每座窑至少可以装烧上万件瓷器，只在龙泉一个小小的安福村，就有着“十八口水碓，三十六座桥，七十二窑主，九十九座窑”的民谚。
遥想800多年前的龙泉，崇山峻岭间，汇聚了技术高超的工匠，还有取之不尽的优质制瓷原料和廉价的烧瓷燃料，境内更有瓯江流经其间，载重一吨的木帆船可以从龙泉县城沿江而下，直达温州港，通向海外。
公元13世纪，中国的一艘大型木制三帆货船从当时的宁波港出发了，满载着陶瓷、铜钱、香料等驶向日本。但这艘船却在中途遭遇飓风，沉没在朝鲜半岛西南角的新安海域，连同满载的货物，一沉就是600多年。从1976年至1984年间，韩国考古界一直对此船进行发掘，并最终打捞出了沉船。在这条元代中国沉船上，共发掘出了17000多件瓷器，其中龙泉青瓷就有12300多件。
迄今，土耳其伊斯兰堡博物馆还藏有中国古代龙泉青瓷1300余件，伊朗德黑兰博物馆、伦敦大英博物馆、巴黎吉美博物馆等世界上很多国家的著名博物馆都将收藏的青瓷视为珍宝。
龙泉青瓷在陶瓷史上有两座高峰——哥窑、弟窑，两者各有千秋。传说宋朝时，龙泉有两个烧瓷器的兄弟，哥哥叫章生一，弟弟叫章生二。哥哥立志创新，试烧过程中无意发现了紫金土，烧出来的瓷器带着各式各样的裂痕，像冰裂，像鱼仔纹，却另有一番天然情趣，在市场上很受欢迎，被推到一个极高的地位，这就是哥窑，为中国五大名窑之一，其特点是金丝铁线，紫口铁足。弟弟则坚持按传统方法烧制瓷器，是为历史上著名的龙泉窑。
中国历史地理学泰斗陈桥驿在《龙泉县地名志》序中说：“从中国东南沿海各港口起，循海道一直到印度洋沿岸的波斯湾、阿拉伯海、红海和东非沿海……无处没有龙泉青瓷的踪迹。”
“一部中国陶瓷史半部在浙江，浙江陶瓷史半部在龙泉。”上世纪二三十年代，中国近代享誉世界的陶瓷专家、故宫博物院原研究员陈万里在当时交通条件十分恶劣的情况下，不远千里跋山涉水、不辞劳苦地“九下龙泉、八上大窑”，发现了龙泉青瓷遗址，写成了中国第一部田野考察报告《瓷器与浙江》。这部旷世之作确定了浙江瓷器的地位，尤其确立了龙泉窑的地位，引起了世界的关注，成就了中国陶器史上一段佳话。
雪拉同的新生
龙泉青瓷能够大规模恢复生产，要感谢外国人。
原浙江省委常委、浙江省副省长翟翕武曾讲述这么一个故事：“上世纪50年代，一些外宾来中国访问，其中有些喜欢中国瓷器的，就通过当时外交部的外事人员，向我们要‘雪拉同’。外事人员不懂什么是‘雪拉同’，就说没有。那时中国与苏联的关系非常密切。后来，有位苏联援华专家即将回国，提出要件‘雪拉同’，专家拿着青瓷茶杯说，就是这类东西。外事人员说瓷器嘛，我们有著名的景德镇、唐山的瓷器。拿最好的给他们看，他们都直摇头，说‘NO、NO、NO’。那怎么办呢？于是，外事人员就专程到故宫陶瓷博物馆请教陈万里先生。”
翟翕武说：“陈万里听后笑了，告诉他们‘雪拉同’就是咱们中国青瓷。宋代，龙泉青瓷开始外销，明代，随着郑和下西洋的船只，龙泉青瓷漂到了欧洲，走进了外国人的视线。当青瓷来到巴黎时，当时正上演着舞剧《牧羊女亚司泰来》，其中的男主人公雪拉同穿着青色服装，法国人很喜欢这个人物，于是在他们心中，只有这个名词能够媲美龙泉青瓷。法国人非常喜欢我们龙泉青瓷，如获至宝，就这样叫开了。后来，欧洲这些国家都称青瓷为‘雪拉同’。”
周总理知道这个事后，当时就作出了“要恢复祖国历史名窑生产，尤其要恢复龙泉窑和汝窑生产”的重要指示。
1958年的春天，在距离龙泉市区约36公里一座叫上垟的小镇上，由8位专家组成仿古小组，点燃了恢复龙泉青瓷的第一炉窑火。从此，龙泉青瓷踏上了复兴之路，上垟镇也随之成为现代龙泉青瓷的发祥地。
现代的龙泉青瓷忠实地继承了中国传统的艺术风格，在继承和仿古的基础上，更有新的突破，研究成功紫铜色釉、高温黑色釉、虎斑色釉、赫色釉、茶叶末色釉、乌金釉和天青釉等；工艺美术设计装饰上，有“青瓷薄胎”、“青瓷玲珑”、“青瓷釉下彩”、“文武开片”、“青白结合”、“哥弟窑结合”等。
龙泉高度重视青瓷产业发展并积极创造良好的环境。当地涌现出了一批优秀的龙泉青瓷工艺大师，徐朝兴大师便是其中久负盛名的一位。2005年6月4日，在中工美春季瓷器杂项拍卖会上，徐朝兴的五管瓶以70万元的高价卖出，创下了有史以来现代陶瓷艺术品的单件最高价。
2012年，上垟镇获“中国青瓷小镇”称号，中国邮政发行了4枚龙泉窑青瓷邮票、15枚个性化龙泉青瓷邮票和8张青瓷名家名作明信片，进一步凸显了龙泉青瓷在中国陶瓷史上的独特地位。
千年窑火熊熊不灭
龙泉窑，连续生产时间长达1500年，是中国所有瓷窑中生产时间最长的。熊熊燃烧的窑火映衬着古老的东方文明。
2009年10月，龙泉青瓷传统烧制技艺入选了联合国教科文组织的“人类非物质文化遗产代表作名录”，取得了一张世界级的金名片，成为“人类非遗”库中唯一的陶瓷类项目。
国际陶艺学会主席珍妮特•曼斯菲尔德女士曾多次来到龙泉，盛赞龙泉青瓷完美无瑕的釉面已成世界陶艺的标杆。
“与国内其他地方出产的瓷器相比，龙泉青瓷温润如玉，具有玉文化的内涵。”龙泉青瓷协会会长、省级工艺美术大师徐定昌说。
徐定昌将2000年后至今视为当代龙泉青瓷发展的黄金阶段。据他介绍，到2013年，青瓷企业已超过700家，从业人员更是超过万人，该产业产值更是以年均22%的增幅增长。而且，平均每1000个龙泉人中就有一位工艺美术师。
为了打造活态传承的阵地和空间，龙泉先后建成了青瓷宝剑苑、“曾芹记”龙窑烧制传承基地、龙泉青瓷学院、青瓷文化创意基地、大师园等。
2011年，龙泉青瓷博物馆正式对外开放，是迄今为止世界上唯一一座系统介绍龙泉窑发展历史的专题博物馆，世界非物质文化遗产——龙泉青瓷传统烧制技艺的展览地。
现代瓷都走向世界
CHINA，瓷器，中国；在西方人的眼中，瓷器就代表了中国。
当2000多年前的希腊人还在使用彩陶时，中国的工匠就已经通过水、火、土的完美结合，孕育出了一种新的物质——瓷器。
龙泉青瓷在国内外享有极高的声誉。《大明会典》第194卷载，当时外销青瓷盘每只一百五十贯。明代中期，龙泉青瓷传入欧洲，身价与黄金一样贵重，一般人难以问津。欧洲萨克森国王奥古斯特二世，不惜重金购买龙泉青瓷，还为珍藏的瓷器特地建造了一座宫殿。
近年来，龙泉青瓷两度在法国巴黎举办展览，从杰拉勒艺术中心到巴黎卢浮宫，龙泉青瓷惊艳了世界艺术之都。
如今，龙泉青瓷越来越频繁地被选为国家级对外礼品，七寸精嵌“哥窑”艺术挂盘被国务院定为国家级礼品，哥窑紫光盘、紫光瓶等51件珍品被中南海紫光阁收藏陈列，送展30多个国际博览会，被全球各大博物馆收藏。
龙泉青瓷的美早已超越了工艺。伴随着传承与创新，每一件作品都成为一个鲜活的生命，续写千年传奇。
Longquan: Celadon Legend
On April 8, 2016, a CCTV crew came to Longquan, a remote city in southwestern Zhejiang to document a day in the life of Xu Chaoxing, a local master of Longquan celadon, which is a national cultural legacy. The crew aimed to showcase the master’s dedication, inspiration, and hard work. This documentary is scheduled to be part of a program for cultural exchanges between China and Portuguese. The master was chosen to represent Longquan celadon largely because the porcelain art has been around for about 1,500 years.
Porcelain-making kilns first appeared in Longquan in the Southern Dynasty (420- 589). In the Song (960-1279) and the Yuan (1279-1368), Longquan thrived in porcelain production, as testified by more than 300 kilns operating along the Oujiang River within the territory of Longquan. One kiln could produce more than 10,000 pieces of porcelain. One-tonnage ships plied the waters of the Oujiang River and shipped the goods to the outside world. In 1976, a sunken ship was discovered in the sea off the Republic of Korea. In the ship were 17,000 porcelain pieces, 12,300 of which were celadon made in Longquan.
Many museums of the countries on the ancient maritime Silk Road have celadon masterpieces made in Longquan in their collections. Chen Qiaoyi, a professor engaged in the studies of historical geography of China, remarks in his introduction to the Gazette of Longquan County that all the sea ports along China’s coast were engaged in the shipping of Longquan celadon and that they could be traced all the way along the coasts of the Indian Ocean, the Persian Gulf, the Arabian Sea, the Red Sea and the coast of East Africa.
In the 1920s and the 1930s, Chen Wanli, a ceramics expert of world renown, did field studies in Longquan nine times. His report on the field studies entitled Ceramics and Zhejiang established Zhejiang firmly as a major porcelain maker.
Brothers Kilns: Elder Brother’s Kiln and Younger Brother’s Kiln are the first historical glory in the history of Longquan celadon. As legends have it that two brothers in Longquan during the Song Dynasty were engaged in porcelain making. The elder brother was Zhang Shengyi and the younger one was Zhang Sheng’er. The innovative elder brother tumbled upon a purple-gold clay, which produced finest porcelain pieces. The crackles on the porcelain from his kiln look like ice and fish tails. The porcelain pieces enjoyed fame on market. The elder brother’s kiln is known as Ge (Elder Brother) Kiln, which is one of the five major kilns in China.
The second glorious phase of Longquan celadon is its modern rebirth started in the 1950s. Some people say Longquan owes the celadon rebirth to foreigners. In the 1950s, celadon appeared in some conversations between foreign visitors to China and their Chinese hosts. The people at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs were baffled by the word. It was not until an expert from the Soviet Union showed them a piece of celadon that the people with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs came to know what celadon was. They thought it was a simple matter. They showed the expert some best ceramics made in Jingdezhen and Tangshan, two big makers of ceramics. But the expert shook his head. Then it occurred to the people with the ministry that they needed a second opinion. They visited Chen Wanli at the Palace Museum to get an answer. Chen gave them a detailed lecture. After learning about the celadon, Premier Zhou Enlai instructed departments concerned to restore the production of ancient ceramics including Longquan celadon.
In the spring of 1958, an panel of eight experts set fire at a celadon kiln at Shangyang, a small town about 36 kilometers out of Longquan City. They were tasked to bring back the ancient ceramic glory. That year and that group of people marked the rebirth of Longquan celadon. Shangyang Town gave birth to a flourishing celadon production powerhouse. The modern celadon masters have not only restored the lost art of celadon making but also invented a whole range of new techniques. They invented a series of glazes, colors, crackles, and integration of different technologies.
The modern renaissance of Longquan celadon has produced many celadon masters. Xu Chaoxing is one of them. On June 4, 2005, a celadon masterpiece he had made was auctioned off for 700,000 Yuan in Beijing. The record still stands today. Xu Dingchang, a master of celadon, says that celadon making in Longquan has entered a golden era as of 2000. In some aspects, modern masters are even considered better than great ancients. Nowadays, the town is home to more than 700 celadon businesses which employ more than 10,000 people altogether. Averagely there is a master of arts and crafts among every one thousand locals of Longquan. Masters that have grown in the celadon renaissance are cultivating a new generation of masters.
In 2009, the traditional firing technology of Longquan celadon was officially inscribed on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. This is the one and only ceramic item of its kind on the list.
In 2012, Shangyang was officially named Celadon Town of China. A series of commemorative stamps was issued to mark the historical honor. In 2011, Longquan Celadon Museum was officially opened to the public. This is one of its kind in the world that relates the history of Longquan celadon making.
Shangyang is now a huge tourist attraction in this part of Zhejiang. The AAAA scenic zone is going to be expanded and upgraded with a planned investment of 500 million yuan. By doing this project, the local government aims to set up a window on the miraculous celadon so that the world can appreciate the ancient ceramic glory.
In recent years, celadon has become a key attraction Longquan offers to the outside world. Fifty-one celadon pieces have been in the collection of Ziguangge in Zhongnanhai, the political heart of the country. Celadon masterpieces have appeared in more than 30 overseas exhibitions. Longquan has partnered with Limoges, France, Gangjin-gun, South Korea, and Kawanehon, Japan as twin cities, with celadon as a key factor in exchanges and cooperation.
内容参考《文化交流》杂志
编辑：沈波
责编：张正华
